Showing posts with label Library of Congress. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Library of Congress. Show all posts

Thursday, June 23, 2011

Jefferson's Books

from mythofsisyphus.net

You may not realize that Thomas Jefferson and I have a lot, or indeed anything, in common.  
But honestly, we’re practically soulmates.
We both lived in the rolling countryside of Virginia (he had a plantation and I lived in a subdivision).
We both love the University of Virginia (he founded it and I was rejected from it, after attending some great parties and deciding they should accept me despite my lackluster grades.)
And, most importantly, we both have a book problem.  In Jefferson’s case he never met a book he didn’t like.  

According to James Gilreath and Douglas Wilson, by 1783 Jefferson had amassed a collection of 2640 books for his library.  He did this despite the lack of  Amazon, Barnes & Noble or reliable transportation to the mall.  He also managed not to be sidetracked from his book quest by the Revolutionary War.  

I’m guessing that Jefferson must have had a slave, or two, dedicated to the job of organizing and dusting his books because I learned a long time ago that owning too many books creates clutter that is hard to clean around.  Since I don’t have slaves (expect my daughter, in her humble opinion) I reserve my book obsession to the library (with only a bookshelf, attic and barn for books I just have to own).

When Jefferson set sail for France, in 1784, to represent America, it was like sending the fox into the chicken coop.  Jefferson bought books everywhere he went, stalked Parisian bookshops, and devoted his time away from politics to placing book orders in literary capitals across Europe.  By the time he got back to America in 1789 his library had doubled.  

Just because America was young, didn’t mean you couldn’t still spend money of things you didn’t need and, in Jefferson case, it was more books.  By 1814 Jefferson lorded over a library of 6, 700 books and he loved them all. He took great pride in his ability to choose the books that would be instrumental in building a collection that would be the best in America.

Just when Jefferson was beginning to consider the fact that 6,700 book might be a little over the top for a private library, the British invaded Washington, D.C and burned down America’s Capital building, including the congressional library.

Jefferson, alarmed at the idea of men running the country without access to great books, offered his Monticello collection to the Government to restart their library.  Congress argued over, but eventually made the decision to, buy Jefferson’s collection for the whopping sum of $23,950 which helped Jefferson to repay some of the enormous debts he had acquired while shopping for furnishings, art and books in Europe.  Unfortunately, he needed to sell a few libraries in order to move his finances into the black.

You can judge a person by how they organize their books.  Mine are jammed into any shelf they fit into, vertically and horizontally.  Calvin and Hobbes are neighbors with Bansky and Wicked.  When anyone in our family needs a book, they stand in front of the shelf visualizing where they last saw the spine and scan the titles until it appears, or they give up and go to the library to check it out.

Jefferson was meticulous about cataloguing his books (I didn’t think obsessive compulsive sounded very respectful).  He used a system based on Francis Bacon’s famous scheme that divided all books into categories, divisions and chapters, eventually creating 44 chapters that could encompass the world’s knowledge.  Jefferson painstakingly organized his books into each chapter and then, within the chapter, ordered books based on personal criteria and judgement of importance.  

When the books were transferred to Washington, D.C, George Watterston, the Librarian of Congress agreed to keep Jefferson’s categories but decided to alphabetized the books within each chapter - Jefferson took this as an intellectual afront.  A century and a half later, Jefferson’s library was rearranged back to what scholars believe to be his original plan - however we will never really know how it was set up because Watterston TOOK Jefferson's catalogue with him when he left his position at the Library of Congress, it seems he was confused about what was his personal property.

I love that books were floating around Jefferson’s mind as he wrote the Declaration of Independence, governed the state of Virginia, served as a diplomat and was the Vice President and President of our country.  I can imagine him scrambling to pack books in Richmond as the British closed in or taking a break from meetings in Paris to nip down to the bookshop for the  latest treasure.  Books were a constant and central part of his life.

Our country was founded by Thomas Jefferson, his ideas, values and beliefs.  And, in turn, Thomas Jefferson was shaped and formed by his books.  When we remember our Jefferson and out founding fathers we should recall not only their dignified, noble faces but brimming bookshelves behind them.

Tuesday, February 8, 2011

Cooper's Tour

While I watched Cooper, the misguided Cooper’s Hawk, swoop around the rotunda at the Library of Congress, I wondered about the ethereal mural he was circling (and enjoying?).  I headed to The Library of Congress and made a plethora of discoveries.  First, it is the oldest cultural institution in the country, founded in 1800 by an act of Congress and signed by John Adams.  When the capital city moved from Philly to D.C., the small library was in the Capital building which, discouragingly, was burnt down by the British in 1814.  

The library began again with the purchase of Thomas Jefferson’s library (cookbooks and all) in 1815.  It quickly filled up, especially after the Copyright Law of 1870, and new construction was finally authorized in 1886.  General Thomas Lincoln Casey was in charge of more than 50 American artists who decorated the interior of the monumental space.  This blog is actually named for a quote from a guidebook of the time that boasted: "America is justly proud of this palatial monument … It has been designed and executed entirely by American art and American labor. It is a fitting temple for the great thoughts of generations past, present, and to be."

photo from visitdc.com
To say the building, now called the Thomas Jefferson Building, is elaborately designed would be a enormous understatement.  It is beyond words, with the exception, perhaps, of the word palatial.  I suggest taking the virtual tour at the library website, it is even breathtaking on a computer screen.  The ‘lantern’ rises above the highest part of the dome in the main reading room and is painted with a mural of of a beautiful woman with two cherubs.  The artist, Edwin Howland Blashfield, created a woman at the center of the mural as the representative of “human understanding” and she is “lifting the veil of ignorance and looking forward to intellectual progress.” The cherubs are doing their part as well, one is holding the book of wisdom and knowledge and the other is encourage those below to struggle towards perfection.  Surrounding Ms. Human Understanding are figures representing twelve countries that Blashfield felt made the greatest contributions toward modern civilization.  Blashfield was sought after as a decorative painter in the 1890s and created murals at the Capitol building in St. Paul, MN, the Baltimore court house and the ballroom of the Waldorf-Astoria hotel among many others.

The Library of Congress now consists of three buildings.  The original building is now called the Thomas Jefferson Building and is pristine thanks to a massive, twelve year restoration project that began in 1985.  In the LOC Information Bulletin, Barbara Wolanin explains that before additional library spaces were built this exquisite building had been bursting with books and people.  Overcrowding had horrible consequences:  drop ceilings, office partitions, blocked corridors and offices in the Great Hall.  It’s a good thing Cooper wasn’t around to see that.  When the James Madison Building was opened in 1980 the library could spread out, breath and slowly restore the original building and Blashfield’s mural to all it’s gilded glory.  I hope that Cooper’s antics led more people to investigate and visit the Library of Congress, he certainly lifted the veil of ignorance from my eyes.

Tuesday, January 18, 2011

What Does That Number Mean?

I have a vague memory of elementary school librarians explaining how to use the card catalog (remember card catalogs?) and the Dewey Decimal systems.  I recall the unsettling feeling of confusion as I looked at all the tiny numbers and followed the librarian through rows and rows of books while glancing  sideways at my classmates to see if I was the only clueless one ...

Thirty some years later I have discovered that the Dewey Decimal system is not that difficult, in fact it’s really quite clever and very practical.  Here are the cliff notes:  Melville Dewey divided all knowledge  into 10 classes (religion, history, language, etc. ), each class was segmented into 10 divisions and each division dissected into 10 sections.  Therefore, all books can be organized by precise subject and by number.  For instance, a book on butterflies would have the number 595.789 because 500 is natural science, 90 is zoological science, 5 is other invertebrates, .7 is insects, .08 is lepidoptera and .009 is butterflies.  Believe it or not, every new book is assigned a Dewey Decimal number by a division of the Library of Congress (I think this means an actual person!) and then the number  gets approved by OCLC (the Online Computer Library Center) - imagine how the books would stack up if you were out sick for a day or two?  Currently, the DDC is mostly used by public libraries and k-12 schools (about 200,000) in 135 countries but academic libraries have taken up with Dewey’s rival, The Library of Congress Classification.  

The Library of Congress System (LC)  was developed to organize the books in the Library of Congress.  The LC system added classes into its system only when they were needed to add a new book in the Library.  This approach made it easier to add branches for new areas of knowledge (computer science and engineering) and incorporate new subject matter that Melville Dewey never imagined!  The system uses 21 letters of the alphabet for initial classes ( T is for technology, but they don’t all work out that neatly) and each letter has alphabetical subclasses and is then further classified by numbers.  The authors last name and the publication date are added under the LC code and the result is a unique four line name for every book in the library.  The LC system is more efficient  in academic libraries that have larger, comprehensive collections.

And all this time I have just been writing down the number and following the little signs on the shelf.  Tomorrow I will tackle the most interesting thing about either system - Melville Dewey.  He may have been a rockin’ librarian but he was about as eccentric as they come....